This study analyzed 912 gender-affirming chest masculinization surgeries performed in Massachusetts between 2016 and 2020 and found that 70% included nipple–areolar complex (NAC) reconstruction. Researchers observed that the use of NAC reconstruction increased over time, but patients who received it were more likely to live in higher-income areas and the Greater Boston region, highlighting socioeconomic and geographic disparities in access. The study also found that publicly insured patients received lower insurer payments for NAC reconstruction, suggesting potential differences in coverage and reimbursement.
Case Study Link: Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization and Nipple–Areolar Complex Reconstruction: An All-Payer Claims Database Analysis
Case Study Contact: Amitai Miller